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Integration with Insulin Pumps (AID Systems)
Automated Insulin Delivery (AID) systems integrate CGMs with insulin pumps to create closed-loop systems that adjust insulin delivery in real-time.
Integration with Insulin Pumps (AID Systems)
The Artificial Pancreas
Integration with insulin pumps creates Automated Insulin Delivery (AID) or Hybrid Closed-Loop (HCL) systems—the most advanced application of CGM technology.
How AID Systems Work
The system uses a feedback loop:
- CGM (Sensor): Transmits glucose data
- Algorithm (Controller): Processes data and calculates insulin needs
- Pump (Actuator): Delivers adjusted insulin doses
Control Algorithms
Model Predictive Control (MPC)
- Predicts future glucose based on current trends
- Adjusts insulin proactively
- Used by: Tandem Control-IQ
Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID)
- Responds to current glucose deviation
- Classic control theory approach
- Used by: Medtronic SmartGuard
Major Commercial Systems
| System | Company | CGM | Algorithm | |--------|---------|-----|-----------| | Control-IQ | Tandem | Dexcom G6/G7 | MPC | | SmartGuard | Medtronic | Guardian 4 | PID-based | | Omnipod 5 | Insulet | Dexcom G6 | MPC | | iLet | Beta Bionics | Dexcom G6 | Adaptive |
Open Source DIY Community
A robust community develops open-source AID systems:
- Loop: iOS-based
- OpenAPS: Android-based
- AndroidAPS: Flexible platform
FDA Interoperability Standards
The FDA has established standards enabling mix-and-match ecosystems:
- iCGM: Interoperable CGM designation
- ACE Pump: Alternate Controller Enabled pump designation
Ongoing Challenges
- Physiological lag times affecting responsiveness
- Connectivity stability between devices
- User training and expectations